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BOD.TXT
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1988-12-24
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BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND
The BOD test originated from Great Britian where no river
there reaches the ocean in more than five days. Thusly, it
was standardized as the measurement of oxygen utilized in
the stabalization of organic matter over a five day period.
One reference describes in quantified terms what is
typically happening in those five days that a BOD sample is
incubating. Such quantification is not to suggest that
these numbers happen everytime in a BOD test, but simply to
give a rational picture of what is happening. The
following is that picture:
1. Day one
In fresh domestic sewage with 240 mg/l 5-day BOD and
100,000 bacteria per milliliter, a 1:40 dilution would be
the lowest used for the BOD test. This dilution would give
about 3,000 bacteria per milliliter and 9mg/l ultimate BOD
(see caluculations in Stnd. Methods).
This would relate to a high F/m ratio where initially
there is unlimited food and growth will be unrestricted.
The bacteria begin reproducing exponetially...that is what
is termed as log growth. The bacteria will continue to
grow in numbers in this log phase until food becomes a
limiting factor. Approximated 50% of the original
available food will be stabalized at the end of that log
phase of growth which will take about 24 hours.
Stabalization of this fraction of the organic matter should
exert approximately 1.8 mg/l oxygen demand and will produce
approximately 10,000,000 bacteria per milliliter.
At the end of this phase the lack of food slow down
bacteria growth, but a second inhibiting factor also
develops as protozoa have started develop which find the
substrate bacteria as their food source. It takes
approximately 100,000 bacteria to produce a protozoa and
protozoa growth will lag bacterial growth by this
relationship. There is little change in the protozoa
population within the first 24 hour period.
2. Day Two
In the second day, the substrate bacteria are beginning
to be held back by food limits and as well the developing
protozoa predators. All the original food is removed with
the production of an additional 6,000,000 million bacteria
per milliliter and an exertion of 2.7 mg/l oxygen demand.
The protozoan population will have then grown from 1 or 2
per milliliter to over thirty per milliliter and will have
consumed 3,000,000 bacteria per milliliter while growing
and will have exerted an oxygen demand of 0.3 mg/l. At the
end of two days the bacteria population will stand at
13,000,000 and the protozoa at 30 per milliliter. The total
oxygen spent will be 4.8 mg/l.
3. Day Three
The third day finds the bacteria in endogenous
metabolism and decreasing resulting from protozoa growth.
Endogenous metabloism describes essentially that metabolism
that derives its energy from cytoplasm. As a normal food
source becomes limited, less likely substances are made
available for food...and cells wil begin burning up their
own excess cellular materials. Die off will occur...and
from this, intracellular materials are released that are
made available to other cells still alive for fuel.
During this third day, the protozoa population probably
reaches to about 100 per ml which puts a further limiting
factor on the substrate bacteria population which shrinks
to 4,000,000 per ml. The protozoa exert a demand of 0.7
mg/l of oxygen while the bacteria now exert only about 0.5
mg/l. The net effect is that by the end of the third day,
5.5 mg/l of oxygen has been used.
4. Day Four
On the fourth day, the protozoa population probably
holds even at 100 per ml which requires 6,000,000 bacertia
per ml. Oxygen uptake by the end of the fourth day will
about 5.8 mg/l.
5. Day Five
The fifth day finds all microorganisms decreasing in
number. The protozoa drop to approximately 50 per ml
while the bacteria drop to about 500,000 to 1,000,000 per
ml. The total oxygen uptake rises to about 6.0 mg/l or 67%
of the ultimate BOD.
6. After Day Five
Endogenous metabolism will continue until around the
twentieth day when near total oxidation of all food matter
will have taken place.
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